Psilocybin Conspectus: Status, Production Methods, and Considerations.

Psilocybin is a psychoactive alkaloid that is produced naturally by approximately 200 species of mushrooms. The potential medical use of this molecule for the treatment of mental illness is gaining renewed momentum. As demand grows and clinical trials progress, appropriate methods for producing a quality pharmaceutical product are needed. This review highlights the methods currently available, such as the prominent synthetic method and its biosynthetic alternatives, as well as others on the near horizon. This article further seeks to discuss the rapid and evolving nature of the psilocybin industry in the 21st century.

The relationship between Type D personality and insomnia.

OBJECTIVES: Type D personality is characterized by the combination of social inhibition and negative affectivity. This study examined the relationship between Type D personality and insomnia symptoms amongst a sample of the general-population. METHODS: Adults from the general-population (n = 392) completed online measures of Type D personality (DS14) and insomnia severity. RESULTS: Individuals with the Type D personality trait reported significantly greater symptoms of insomnia relative to Non-Type Ds. Moreover, insomnia-symptoms were independently related to negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI) and the Type D interaction (i.e. synergistic product of SI and NA). Linear regression analysis determined that NA but not SI significantly predicted insomnia symptoms after controlling for age and sex. However, after accounting for the Type D interaction, negative affectivity remained the only significant predictor of insomnia-symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The Type D personality type appears to be related to insomnia-symptoms, both as a categorical and dimensional construct. These outcomes support prior research evidencing that whilst Type D personality is related to poor sleep in adolescents, NA appears to be the main contributor.

Mechanical Strength of the Proximal Tibia Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Cadaveric Study of Resection Depth and Bone Density.

BACKGROUND: Tibial component failure has been a problem in total knee arthroplasty, it is still undetermined how tibial resection depth affects the strength to support a tibial component. This study examined the relationship between the resection depth and the bone density and the mechanical strength to support the tibial component. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight matched pairs of fresh, frozen cadaver lower legs were imaged with computed tomography to assess the bone density. A right tibia was resected at minimum resection level and a left tibia was resected at deep resection level. After the tibial component was implanted with cement on each tibia, it was loaded on a materials testing load frame to measure the stiffness and the load to failure. RESULTS: The average bone density at the minimum resection level of the tibia was significantly higher than at deep level (p=0.0003). The average stiffness and load to failure of the proximal tibia were 1105 N/mm (range 889 to 1303 N/mm) and 5626 N (range 3360 to 9098 N). There was no statistical correlation between tibial resection depth and the axial stiffness (p=0.4107) or the load to failure (p=0.1487). CONCLUSIONS: Although the bone density at a minimum resection level was higher than that at a deep level, the strength to support the tibial component was not statistically higher at a minimum cutting level than at a deeper cutting level proportionally. Surgeons may not need to minimize a proximal tibial bone resection to maintain a stronger support for a tibial component.